Chapter 30 : The War to End War Study Guide
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel: Head of the Committee on Public Information. He used many techniques to persuade the public to support the war.
Bernard Baruch: A Wall Street broker before being chosen by President Wilson in 1918 to head the War Industries Board. He helped the U.S. manage war production.
Henry Cabot Lodge: Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He held the reservationists in Congress.
James M. Cox: The Democrats chose Ohio governor Cox who was pro-League of Nations.
Self-Determination: Where groups choose their government for themselves.
Collective security: A system of maintaining world peace and security by concerted action on the part of the nations of the world.
Normalcy: A word used by President Harding to describe the calm political and social order to which he wished to return the United States after the idealism and commotion of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
Zimmerman Note: Secret German message to Mexico that America intercepted, which offered to return Mexico the lands it had lost in the Mexican-American War if it went to war with America. “The last straw.”
Fourteen Points: A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War 1.
League of Nations: Part of the Fourteen Points. The precursor to the United Nations. Proposed union of world powers after World War 1.
Committee on Public Information: Created to sell war. Lead by George Creel.
Espionage and Sedition Acts: Two anti foreign acts that sought to persecute “spies” and persecute anyone engaging in “seditious” activity.
Industrial Workers of the World: A labor union for industrial laborers. This group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War.
War Industries Board: Agency established during World War 1 to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.
Nineteenth Amendment: Finally allowed women suffrage. Passed in 1920.
Food Administration: Herbert Hoover was chosen to head the Food Administration. People began to make sacrifices in order to feed American troops as well as our European Allies.
Irreconcilables: Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without Amendments.
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended World War 1. Much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as harsh as France and England wanted. Harsh enough to set stage for Hitler in 1930’s.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know:"Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Germany announced that they would erase the Sussex pledge and turn to a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. German u-boats were sinking ships and four unarmed American merchant ships were sunk by German subs. The last straw was the Zimmerman telegram.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson used a new slogan and said that the purpose of war was to “make the world safe for democracy.” It meant that they would fight, not for riches or war but to free others from the tyranny of autocrats. Wilson successfully sold the idea and America eagerly joined the effort to “hang Kaiser.” Wilson’s initial goal was “peace without victory.” The others were after riches and war while America was after moral goals.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Abolishing secret treaties, Freedom from the seas, Removal of economic barriers between nations, Reduction of armaments, Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples, Self- determination, and the League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were motivated by the Committee on Public Information that was lead by George Creel. He sent out 75,000 “four-minute me” to give patriotic speeches. Posters were pasted everywhere, leaflets and pamphlets told of the idealistic goals of the war, movies with Charlie Chaplin, and songs.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Congress passed two anti foreign laws: the Espionage Act of 1917 that sought to persecute spies and put Eugene V. Debs sentenced under the law for ten years, and the Sedition Act of 1918, which sought to persecute anyone engaging in “seditious” activities. Any activity that was interpreted as anti-government could be persecuted.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
It was difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort because America was very unprepared and simply ignorant. Then Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch as leader of the War Industries Board to orchestrate industry in the war effort.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Americans were to work in large measure and the government had a “work or fight” policy. This meant that if the men did not work, they would be sent to war. Taft headed the National War Labor Board to settle any worker disputes and thus keep folks on the job. Businesses worked long hours and kept wages high. Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor, loyally supported the war. Smaller unions did not support the war. Wartime inflation threatened to negate the wage increases and strikes ran rampant and there were 6,000 strikes, mostly violent.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Because the men were at war, job positions were needed so women filled in for the men. Women proved themselves and got paid and had jobs until the men came back. This essentially led to women suffrage. The 19th Amendment finally allowed women to vote. Then, the Women’s Bureau emerged after the war with the goal of protecting women’s newfound rights in the workplace. However, most women left their jobs and went back home after the war ended.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9.Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
No. For example, Herbert Hoover, who was head of the Food Administration relied on volunteers and not mandates of law. Slogans were successful in drumming up support and food, such as “meatless Tuesdays” and “wheat less Wednesdays.” Most Americans planted “victory gardens” to grow their own vegetables. Hoover’s program and people’s efforts were very successful and food production increased 25% and fed allies in Europe. There was also the Fuel Administration that encourages “heatless Mondays” and “lightless nights” and “gasless Sundays.” Most were voluntary efforts although the government did exert its power at times.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10.Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Yes. Unlike before, people could not buy their way out of being drafted and the “poor people” did not have it unfair. Also, African Americans were drafted in too, although they still were in different segregated units. They drafted up to four million men. Also, women served in the military for the first time. It was fair and very efficient.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11.How were American troops used in Russia?
10,000 troops were sent to Siberia as a part of an Allied expedition whose purpose was to prevent munitions from falling into the hands of Japan, and to rescue about 45,000 Czechoslovakian troops, and to lastly prevent the Bolshevik forces from snatching military supplies.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know:Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12.Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The Allies were getting tired and outnumbered so America came to fight at the perfect time. America’s main roles in war was stopping German assault on Paris, providing morale, and providing supplies. American soldiers helped stop Germany at Chateau- Thierry. They also helped at the Second Battle of the Marne which started the German withdrawal. Americans also helped stop Germany at St. Mihiel.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know:Armistice
13.What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson achieved his goal of kicking Kaiser out of power. Germans were sick of war and Kaiser fled to Holland. They surrendered on the 11th hour of the 11th day or the 11th month of 1918, also known as Armistice Day, or Veterans day. The real reason why Germany surrendered was the possibility of seemingly endless American troops and supplies.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know:Henry Cabot Lodge
14.What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson’s popularity was flying high after the war and Republicans gained a small majority in Congress. However, Wilson decided to personally travel to Europe to give peace talks. Republicans were not happy as it seemed as he was showing off. What was even worse was that he did not invite a single Republican to join him on the trip. Leaving out the Republicans alienated them more and was a costly mistake.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know:Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15.How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
When the Big Four who were Vittorio Orlando (Italy), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Wilson(America), conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money or land and America wanted to heal wounds through the League of Nations. Britain and France agreed to go along with the League of Nations and Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with the punishment as a bargain.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know:William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16.What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
France settled for the Saar basin would remain under the League of Nations for fifteen years, and then a popular vote would determine its fate. France got the Treaty of Security in which both Britain and America pledged to come to its aid in the event of another German invasion. Italy’s compromise didn’t work out and Wilson unwillingly accepted a compromise where Japan kept Germany’s economic holdings in Shandong and pledged to return the peninsula to China at a later date.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know:Treaty of Versailles
17.For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his Fourteen Points because he had been forced to bargain and no bargaining meant no treaty. He was like a fallen hero. Liberals felt the he had “sold out” and imperialists felt that he was too soft. Also, the Germans felt betrayed.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18.Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists didn’t want to get in entangling alliances as Jefferson and Washington warned against. Hun-haters felt that the treaty was too soft as liberals felt that it was too tough. Hyphenated Americans felt the treaty was too harsh on their home country while the Irish-Americans felt that it gave Britain too much power.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19.What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The purpose was to get support for the treaty. He went around and German- Americans were not enthusiastic. The irreconcilable senators followed Wilson’s tour and made stops at places he had just spoken. The result was horrible, as he collapsed due to exhaustion and days later he had a stroke that paralyzed half of his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Henry Lodge drew up fourteen “reservations” to the Treaty of Versailles. His goal was to protect the Monroe Doctrine, the Constitution, and retain America’s right to rule herself rather than an international committee. Of special concern was Article X of the Treaty. It required America to help a League nation that is attacked. Lodge and the Congress wanted to keep that right to themselves and put new amendments to change it. By voting time, Lodge was for the treaty and Wilson was against it. Wilson got democrats to vote against the treaty and the treaty was never passed. The treaty was ratified for many reasons and a major one was Wilson’s refusal to compromise.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know:Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
It showed that America wanted a break from Wilsonian high- mindedness and just return to normalcy, a non word but he was right. America wanted a second rate president and go a third rate president. Harding won big, 16 million to 9 million.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22.How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It is not completely America’s fault but the ultimate failure of the Treaty of Versailles must be laid, to some degree, at America’s doorstep. However the Allies found it convenient to point the finger at Uncle Sam for their own shortcomings. America’s isolationism and lack of leadership as the most powerful nation during this war led to the failure of the Treaty of Versailles.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know:Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23.To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was not realistic at all because the international order will always be an anarchic, unruly arena, outside the rule of law, where only the military force can effectively protect the nation’s security. The entire world cannot come to a compromise through cooperation, equality, and justice among nations.
George Creel: Head of the Committee on Public Information. He used many techniques to persuade the public to support the war.
Bernard Baruch: A Wall Street broker before being chosen by President Wilson in 1918 to head the War Industries Board. He helped the U.S. manage war production.
Henry Cabot Lodge: Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He held the reservationists in Congress.
James M. Cox: The Democrats chose Ohio governor Cox who was pro-League of Nations.
Self-Determination: Where groups choose their government for themselves.
Collective security: A system of maintaining world peace and security by concerted action on the part of the nations of the world.
Normalcy: A word used by President Harding to describe the calm political and social order to which he wished to return the United States after the idealism and commotion of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
Zimmerman Note: Secret German message to Mexico that America intercepted, which offered to return Mexico the lands it had lost in the Mexican-American War if it went to war with America. “The last straw.”
Fourteen Points: A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War 1.
League of Nations: Part of the Fourteen Points. The precursor to the United Nations. Proposed union of world powers after World War 1.
Committee on Public Information: Created to sell war. Lead by George Creel.
Espionage and Sedition Acts: Two anti foreign acts that sought to persecute “spies” and persecute anyone engaging in “seditious” activity.
Industrial Workers of the World: A labor union for industrial laborers. This group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War.
War Industries Board: Agency established during World War 1 to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.
Nineteenth Amendment: Finally allowed women suffrage. Passed in 1920.
Food Administration: Herbert Hoover was chosen to head the Food Administration. People began to make sacrifices in order to feed American troops as well as our European Allies.
Irreconcilables: Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without Amendments.
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended World War 1. Much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as harsh as France and England wanted. Harsh enough to set stage for Hitler in 1930’s.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know:"Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Germany announced that they would erase the Sussex pledge and turn to a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. German u-boats were sinking ships and four unarmed American merchant ships were sunk by German subs. The last straw was the Zimmerman telegram.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson used a new slogan and said that the purpose of war was to “make the world safe for democracy.” It meant that they would fight, not for riches or war but to free others from the tyranny of autocrats. Wilson successfully sold the idea and America eagerly joined the effort to “hang Kaiser.” Wilson’s initial goal was “peace without victory.” The others were after riches and war while America was after moral goals.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Abolishing secret treaties, Freedom from the seas, Removal of economic barriers between nations, Reduction of armaments, Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples, Self- determination, and the League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were motivated by the Committee on Public Information that was lead by George Creel. He sent out 75,000 “four-minute me” to give patriotic speeches. Posters were pasted everywhere, leaflets and pamphlets told of the idealistic goals of the war, movies with Charlie Chaplin, and songs.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Congress passed two anti foreign laws: the Espionage Act of 1917 that sought to persecute spies and put Eugene V. Debs sentenced under the law for ten years, and the Sedition Act of 1918, which sought to persecute anyone engaging in “seditious” activities. Any activity that was interpreted as anti-government could be persecuted.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
It was difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort because America was very unprepared and simply ignorant. Then Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch as leader of the War Industries Board to orchestrate industry in the war effort.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Americans were to work in large measure and the government had a “work or fight” policy. This meant that if the men did not work, they would be sent to war. Taft headed the National War Labor Board to settle any worker disputes and thus keep folks on the job. Businesses worked long hours and kept wages high. Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor, loyally supported the war. Smaller unions did not support the war. Wartime inflation threatened to negate the wage increases and strikes ran rampant and there were 6,000 strikes, mostly violent.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Because the men were at war, job positions were needed so women filled in for the men. Women proved themselves and got paid and had jobs until the men came back. This essentially led to women suffrage. The 19th Amendment finally allowed women to vote. Then, the Women’s Bureau emerged after the war with the goal of protecting women’s newfound rights in the workplace. However, most women left their jobs and went back home after the war ended.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9.Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
No. For example, Herbert Hoover, who was head of the Food Administration relied on volunteers and not mandates of law. Slogans were successful in drumming up support and food, such as “meatless Tuesdays” and “wheat less Wednesdays.” Most Americans planted “victory gardens” to grow their own vegetables. Hoover’s program and people’s efforts were very successful and food production increased 25% and fed allies in Europe. There was also the Fuel Administration that encourages “heatless Mondays” and “lightless nights” and “gasless Sundays.” Most were voluntary efforts although the government did exert its power at times.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10.Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Yes. Unlike before, people could not buy their way out of being drafted and the “poor people” did not have it unfair. Also, African Americans were drafted in too, although they still were in different segregated units. They drafted up to four million men. Also, women served in the military for the first time. It was fair and very efficient.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11.How were American troops used in Russia?
10,000 troops were sent to Siberia as a part of an Allied expedition whose purpose was to prevent munitions from falling into the hands of Japan, and to rescue about 45,000 Czechoslovakian troops, and to lastly prevent the Bolshevik forces from snatching military supplies.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know:Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12.Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The Allies were getting tired and outnumbered so America came to fight at the perfect time. America’s main roles in war was stopping German assault on Paris, providing morale, and providing supplies. American soldiers helped stop Germany at Chateau- Thierry. They also helped at the Second Battle of the Marne which started the German withdrawal. Americans also helped stop Germany at St. Mihiel.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know:Armistice
13.What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson achieved his goal of kicking Kaiser out of power. Germans were sick of war and Kaiser fled to Holland. They surrendered on the 11th hour of the 11th day or the 11th month of 1918, also known as Armistice Day, or Veterans day. The real reason why Germany surrendered was the possibility of seemingly endless American troops and supplies.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know:Henry Cabot Lodge
14.What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson’s popularity was flying high after the war and Republicans gained a small majority in Congress. However, Wilson decided to personally travel to Europe to give peace talks. Republicans were not happy as it seemed as he was showing off. What was even worse was that he did not invite a single Republican to join him on the trip. Leaving out the Republicans alienated them more and was a costly mistake.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know:Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15.How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
When the Big Four who were Vittorio Orlando (Italy), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Wilson(America), conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money or land and America wanted to heal wounds through the League of Nations. Britain and France agreed to go along with the League of Nations and Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with the punishment as a bargain.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know:William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16.What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
France settled for the Saar basin would remain under the League of Nations for fifteen years, and then a popular vote would determine its fate. France got the Treaty of Security in which both Britain and America pledged to come to its aid in the event of another German invasion. Italy’s compromise didn’t work out and Wilson unwillingly accepted a compromise where Japan kept Germany’s economic holdings in Shandong and pledged to return the peninsula to China at a later date.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know:Treaty of Versailles
17.For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his Fourteen Points because he had been forced to bargain and no bargaining meant no treaty. He was like a fallen hero. Liberals felt the he had “sold out” and imperialists felt that he was too soft. Also, the Germans felt betrayed.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18.Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists didn’t want to get in entangling alliances as Jefferson and Washington warned against. Hun-haters felt that the treaty was too soft as liberals felt that it was too tough. Hyphenated Americans felt the treaty was too harsh on their home country while the Irish-Americans felt that it gave Britain too much power.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19.What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The purpose was to get support for the treaty. He went around and German- Americans were not enthusiastic. The irreconcilable senators followed Wilson’s tour and made stops at places he had just spoken. The result was horrible, as he collapsed due to exhaustion and days later he had a stroke that paralyzed half of his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Henry Lodge drew up fourteen “reservations” to the Treaty of Versailles. His goal was to protect the Monroe Doctrine, the Constitution, and retain America’s right to rule herself rather than an international committee. Of special concern was Article X of the Treaty. It required America to help a League nation that is attacked. Lodge and the Congress wanted to keep that right to themselves and put new amendments to change it. By voting time, Lodge was for the treaty and Wilson was against it. Wilson got democrats to vote against the treaty and the treaty was never passed. The treaty was ratified for many reasons and a major one was Wilson’s refusal to compromise.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know:Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
It showed that America wanted a break from Wilsonian high- mindedness and just return to normalcy, a non word but he was right. America wanted a second rate president and go a third rate president. Harding won big, 16 million to 9 million.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22.How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
It is not completely America’s fault but the ultimate failure of the Treaty of Versailles must be laid, to some degree, at America’s doorstep. However the Allies found it convenient to point the finger at Uncle Sam for their own shortcomings. America’s isolationism and lack of leadership as the most powerful nation during this war led to the failure of the Treaty of Versailles.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know:Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23.To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
He was not realistic at all because the international order will always be an anarchic, unruly arena, outside the rule of law, where only the military force can effectively protect the nation’s security. The entire world cannot come to a compromise through cooperation, equality, and justice among nations.