Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion Study Guide
Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney: The Secretary of State under President Cleveland, whose belligerent notes to Britain during the Guiana boundary crisis nearly caused a war
Alfred Thayer Mahan: In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783, which said that every successful world power once held a great navy.
Valeriano Weyler: Spanish general sent to Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Put many people in barbed wired camps.
de Lome Letter: The indiscreet epistle, stolen from the mails, described President McKinley in decidedly unflattering terms. The resulting uproar forced Dupuy de Lôme's resignation and further infuriated the American public. It was exposed by Hearst.
Emilio Aguinaldo: He was a revolutionary Filipino who commanded his Filipino troops to help American George Dewey to acquire Manila from Spain.
Jingoism: Extreme nationalism and belligerent attitude in national policy.
Teller Amendment: A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the US had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom.
Rough Riders: Organized by Teddy Roosevelt, most were ex-convicts, cowboys, and other rugged men that were led by Colonel Wood. They were volunteer soldiers during the Spanish American War, who helped at San Juan Hill.
Anti-Imperialist League: They were the people who opposed McKinley administration’s expansionism. This group included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act: This act gave Puerto Rico limited government and full American citizenship.
Insular cases: In 1901 and 1903, these Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag. The newly acquired islands of Puerto Rico and the Philippines would not have all the rights of U.S. citizens.
Platt Amendment: The Cuban constitution. Cuba had to agree: never to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, never to build up excessive public debt, to permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and to allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including on at Guantanamo Bay.
Spheres of Influence: International affairs the territory where a powerful state controls over weaker states of territories.
Philippine Insurrection: Uprising of Filipinos when U.S. broke its promise of Philippine independence, this lasted a long time and casualties were tremendously high.
Open Door Policy: 1899; stated, as a result of the other countries establishing spheres of influence in China, that all nations would have equal trading privileges in China.
Boxer Rebellion: Chinese rebellions against foreign influence which the U.S helped suppress.
Big Stick Policy: In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to convince them. Threaten to use force, act as the international police.
Roosevelt Corollary: Stated that the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American affairs if necessary.
Portsmouth Conference: The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.
Gentlemen’s Agreement: The Asian students would not be put into special schools while Japan would keep their laborers in Japan.
Root-Takahira Agreement: Signed on November 30, 1908, the US and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
America Turns Outward
Know:Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1.What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, America began to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets to sell its goods. Also, other countries had already carved up Africa and China so if America was to survive in the competition of modern nation-states, perhaps it too would have to become an imperial power. Other countries were colonizing while America was not.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know:Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Business men in the sugar and fruit business wanted to annex Hawaii for its resources. The McKinley Tariff raised the prices on sugar so Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii. When the desperate Americans succeeded to revolt in Hawaii and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he left office. He did not want to annex Hawaii because he simply thought it was wrong.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know:General Weyler
3.What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Cuba had revolted against Spain, and the Cubans torched their sugar cane fields in hope that Spain would leave or America would intervene. It would hurt America and the neighboring countries who depended on the sugar in Cuba. America supported Cuba and an American battleship the U.S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, bringing America into war.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know:Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4.Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Roosevelt cabled Commodore Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squandron at Hong Kong, to descend upon Spain’s Philippines in the event of war. Dewey sailed boldly with his six warships at night into the fortified harbor of Manila. He succeeded with not even one American life lost. He had such an easy victory because the Spanish Navy was outdated and rotting.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know:Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5.Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish government ordered a fleet of decrepit warships in Cuba. Panic seized the eastern seaboard of the United States. The Spanish “armada” eventually wheezed into bottle-shared Santiago harbor, Cuba, where it was easily blockaded by the much more powerful American fleet. The weighty General William R. Shafter was leading the invading force. The invading force was woefully unequipped for war in the tropics. The “Rough Riders” led by Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled El Caney, storming up San Juan Hill. Admiral Cervera was ordered to fight the American fleet, but was destroyed. On land, the American army commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know:Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba but the Philippines were a tough problem because America couldn’t honorably give Spain the land back but it would be like an imperialistic nation if they didn’t. The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and the members included Twain, James, Gompers, and Carnegie. However the expansionists cried that the Philippines could become like another Hong Kong.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7.How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
After the Puerto Ricans got a citizenship, they went to work in New York in cigar factories, shipyards, and garment industry. Some went to Arizona to work in cotton fields and New Jersey soup factories. After World War 2, the cheap airfare allowed the Puerto Ricans to go home. They kept one foot in America and one foot in their native home.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know:Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8.Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The Cubans were forced to write their own constitution called the Platt Amendment. The Cubans hated the amendment which served McKinley’s ultimate purpose of bringing Cuba under American control. The newly “liberated” Cubans were forced to agree not to conclude treaties that the United States might intervene with troops to restore order when it saw fit. Then Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval station in Guantanamo. America basically still had power over Cuba.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9.What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish- American War showed the fact that the nation was already a world power. The war was short, 113 days, low in casualties, and theatrically successful- despite the bungling. American prestige rose sharply and the Europeans grudgingly accorded the Republic more respect. Britain, France, Russia, and other great powers upgraded their legations in Washington D.C. which had previously been regarded as a diplomatic backwater. However, America’s actions after the war made German rivals jealous and its Latin American neighbors suspicious.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know:William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10.In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
The poorly equipped Filipino rebels soon melted into the jungle to wage vicious guerrilla warfare. Uncle Sam’s soldiers adopted the “water cure”- forcing water down victim’s throats until they told information or died. The Philippines had improved roads, sanitation, and public health. Important economic ties were made and the American teachers set up a good school system and helped make English a second language. The Filipinos however hated compulsory Americanization and pined for liberty.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know:Boxer Rebellion
11.Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
No. The Open Door Policy allowed all nations to take pieces of China “fairly” but China was not happy with this. American involvement in the Boxer Rebellion led to China having to pay $333 million dollars for damage, in which America got $18 million from.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12.Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
No. Most Filipino immigrants came not to study but toil. Hawaii and the Pacific Coast states turned to the Philippines for cheap agricultural labor. They prohibited the marriage of Asians and Caucasians in demeaning laws and Filipino women were accused improperly accosting white women.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13.What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism- a bad move because Americans were tired of that subject. If Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in America at that time so McKinley won easily.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know:Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14.Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
His motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Or basically, “Let your actions do the speaking.” He believed that a president should lead and was a master politician. He was the “first modern president.”
Building the Panama Canal
Know:Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15.Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the Spanish- American War, the battleship U.S.S. Oregon had to steam all the way around the tip of South America to join the fleet in Cuba. Such a waterway would make defense of the recent island acquisitions easier.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know:Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16.Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
Both the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary favored isolationism, but in the Monroe Doctrine, it said that America would help no one while in the Roosevelt Corollary, it said that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, America would intervene, take over the customhouses, pay off the debts, and keep the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know:Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17.How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Japan attacked Russia in 1904, since Russia had been in Manchuria and proceeded to administer a series of humiliating victories until the Japanese began to run out of men. Then, they approached TR to facilitate a peace treaty. At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, both sides met and in the end TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses. For this and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at Algeciras, Spain, TR received a Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know:Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18.How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
At first, the San Francisco decreed that due to the lack of space, the Asian students would go to a special school. This instantly became an international problem but TR settled it. San Francisco would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan. This was called the Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19.What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
The pressure from the other countries colonizing and expanding made America have to imperialize to become an imperial power. Although there was the Monroe Doctrine and the Americans did not want to imperialize, it did anyways.
Richard Olney: The Secretary of State under President Cleveland, whose belligerent notes to Britain during the Guiana boundary crisis nearly caused a war
Alfred Thayer Mahan: In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783, which said that every successful world power once held a great navy.
Valeriano Weyler: Spanish general sent to Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Put many people in barbed wired camps.
de Lome Letter: The indiscreet epistle, stolen from the mails, described President McKinley in decidedly unflattering terms. The resulting uproar forced Dupuy de Lôme's resignation and further infuriated the American public. It was exposed by Hearst.
Emilio Aguinaldo: He was a revolutionary Filipino who commanded his Filipino troops to help American George Dewey to acquire Manila from Spain.
Jingoism: Extreme nationalism and belligerent attitude in national policy.
Teller Amendment: A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the US had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom.
Rough Riders: Organized by Teddy Roosevelt, most were ex-convicts, cowboys, and other rugged men that were led by Colonel Wood. They were volunteer soldiers during the Spanish American War, who helped at San Juan Hill.
Anti-Imperialist League: They were the people who opposed McKinley administration’s expansionism. This group included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act: This act gave Puerto Rico limited government and full American citizenship.
Insular cases: In 1901 and 1903, these Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag. The newly acquired islands of Puerto Rico and the Philippines would not have all the rights of U.S. citizens.
Platt Amendment: The Cuban constitution. Cuba had to agree: never to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, never to build up excessive public debt, to permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and to allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including on at Guantanamo Bay.
Spheres of Influence: International affairs the territory where a powerful state controls over weaker states of territories.
Philippine Insurrection: Uprising of Filipinos when U.S. broke its promise of Philippine independence, this lasted a long time and casualties were tremendously high.
Open Door Policy: 1899; stated, as a result of the other countries establishing spheres of influence in China, that all nations would have equal trading privileges in China.
Boxer Rebellion: Chinese rebellions against foreign influence which the U.S helped suppress.
Big Stick Policy: In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to convince them. Threaten to use force, act as the international police.
Roosevelt Corollary: Stated that the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American affairs if necessary.
Portsmouth Conference: The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.
Gentlemen’s Agreement: The Asian students would not be put into special schools while Japan would keep their laborers in Japan.
Root-Takahira Agreement: Signed on November 30, 1908, the US and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
America Turns Outward
Know:Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1.What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, America began to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets to sell its goods. Also, other countries had already carved up Africa and China so if America was to survive in the competition of modern nation-states, perhaps it too would have to become an imperial power. Other countries were colonizing while America was not.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know:Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Business men in the sugar and fruit business wanted to annex Hawaii for its resources. The McKinley Tariff raised the prices on sugar so Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii. When the desperate Americans succeeded to revolt in Hawaii and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he left office. He did not want to annex Hawaii because he simply thought it was wrong.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know:General Weyler
3.What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Cuba had revolted against Spain, and the Cubans torched their sugar cane fields in hope that Spain would leave or America would intervene. It would hurt America and the neighboring countries who depended on the sugar in Cuba. America supported Cuba and an American battleship the U.S.S. Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, bringing America into war.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know:Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4.Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Roosevelt cabled Commodore Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squandron at Hong Kong, to descend upon Spain’s Philippines in the event of war. Dewey sailed boldly with his six warships at night into the fortified harbor of Manila. He succeeded with not even one American life lost. He had such an easy victory because the Spanish Navy was outdated and rotting.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know:Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5.Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish government ordered a fleet of decrepit warships in Cuba. Panic seized the eastern seaboard of the United States. The Spanish “armada” eventually wheezed into bottle-shared Santiago harbor, Cuba, where it was easily blockaded by the much more powerful American fleet. The weighty General William R. Shafter was leading the invading force. The invading force was woefully unequipped for war in the tropics. The “Rough Riders” led by Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled El Caney, storming up San Juan Hill. Admiral Cervera was ordered to fight the American fleet, but was destroyed. On land, the American army commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know:Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba but the Philippines were a tough problem because America couldn’t honorably give Spain the land back but it would be like an imperialistic nation if they didn’t. The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and the members included Twain, James, Gompers, and Carnegie. However the expansionists cried that the Philippines could become like another Hong Kong.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7.How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
After the Puerto Ricans got a citizenship, they went to work in New York in cigar factories, shipyards, and garment industry. Some went to Arizona to work in cotton fields and New Jersey soup factories. After World War 2, the cheap airfare allowed the Puerto Ricans to go home. They kept one foot in America and one foot in their native home.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know:Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8.Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The Cubans were forced to write their own constitution called the Platt Amendment. The Cubans hated the amendment which served McKinley’s ultimate purpose of bringing Cuba under American control. The newly “liberated” Cubans were forced to agree not to conclude treaties that the United States might intervene with troops to restore order when it saw fit. Then Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval station in Guantanamo. America basically still had power over Cuba.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9.What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish- American War showed the fact that the nation was already a world power. The war was short, 113 days, low in casualties, and theatrically successful- despite the bungling. American prestige rose sharply and the Europeans grudgingly accorded the Republic more respect. Britain, France, Russia, and other great powers upgraded their legations in Washington D.C. which had previously been regarded as a diplomatic backwater. However, America’s actions after the war made German rivals jealous and its Latin American neighbors suspicious.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know:William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10.In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
The poorly equipped Filipino rebels soon melted into the jungle to wage vicious guerrilla warfare. Uncle Sam’s soldiers adopted the “water cure”- forcing water down victim’s throats until they told information or died. The Philippines had improved roads, sanitation, and public health. Important economic ties were made and the American teachers set up a good school system and helped make English a second language. The Filipinos however hated compulsory Americanization and pined for liberty.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know:Boxer Rebellion
11.Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
No. The Open Door Policy allowed all nations to take pieces of China “fairly” but China was not happy with this. American involvement in the Boxer Rebellion led to China having to pay $333 million dollars for damage, in which America got $18 million from.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12.Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
No. Most Filipino immigrants came not to study but toil. Hawaii and the Pacific Coast states turned to the Philippines for cheap agricultural labor. They prohibited the marriage of Asians and Caucasians in demeaning laws and Filipino women were accused improperly accosting white women.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13.What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan’s supporters concentrated on imperialism- a bad move because Americans were tired of that subject. If Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in America at that time so McKinley won easily.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know:Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14.Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
His motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Or basically, “Let your actions do the speaking.” He believed that a president should lead and was a master politician. He was the “first modern president.”
Building the Panama Canal
Know:Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15.Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the Spanish- American War, the battleship U.S.S. Oregon had to steam all the way around the tip of South America to join the fleet in Cuba. Such a waterway would make defense of the recent island acquisitions easier.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know:Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16.Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
Both the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary favored isolationism, but in the Monroe Doctrine, it said that America would help no one while in the Roosevelt Corollary, it said that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, America would intervene, take over the customhouses, pay off the debts, and keep the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know:Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17.How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Japan attacked Russia in 1904, since Russia had been in Manchuria and proceeded to administer a series of humiliating victories until the Japanese began to run out of men. Then, they approached TR to facilitate a peace treaty. At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, both sides met and in the end TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses. For this and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at Algeciras, Spain, TR received a Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know:Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18.How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
At first, the San Francisco decreed that due to the lack of space, the Asian students would go to a special school. This instantly became an international problem but TR settled it. San Francisco would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan. This was called the Gentlemen’s Agreement.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19.What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
The pressure from the other countries colonizing and expanding made America have to imperialize to become an imperial power. Although there was the Monroe Doctrine and the Americans did not want to imperialize, it did anyways.